| Notes |
- The world, when the Iceman froze
http://www.robotwisdom.com/science/iceman.html
Jorn Barger July 2001 (updated Aug2001)
In 1991, a well-preserved mummy was discovered high in the Tyrolean Alps on the Italy-Austria border, dated by 14C to 3300 BC. (Because the specific region was the Ötztaler Alps he's been nicknamed Ötzi or Oetzi or Otzi.) A great deal has been deduced about his lifestyle from the fragments of his clothes and tools:
· He was about 46 years old, five foot two-and-a-half.
· He died in the springtime, from an arrow in the back.
· NEW: a wound on his wrist suggests he had just engaged in hand-to-hand combat
· His body-temperature was high when he died
· His last meal was fire-cooked flatbread, herbs, and ibex-meat
· He had been locked in glacial ice for almost the full 5300 years, but with at least one melt that scattered his possessions.
· He had come from the south, heading for a pass over the mountain range.
· He wore wellmade snowboots so the pass must still have been snowy.
· His maternal ancestors had been in the region for 10,000 years.
· He had spent lots of time around copper smelting operations.
· He had no cavities in his teeth.
· He had simple tattoos near several arthritic joints.
· His copper axeblade was still attached to its handle, with pitch and a strip of leather. (Axes were status symbols, and this one seemed unused).
· His flint dagger had a wooden handle and a sheath woven from bark.
· His bow and arrows were unfinished and unusable.
· The arrows were in a sophisticated fur quiver,
· He had a net of woven grass, probably for hunting
· He wore three layers of garments made from goat, deerskin and bark fiber, but no wool.
· He had a bearskin hat.
· He had a wood-framed backpack, probably of leather.
· He carried live embers wrapped in green maple leaves in a birchbark pouch.
· He had a 'fanny pack' belt with various tools
· He had a 'retoucher' of wood and antler for shaping flint
· He carried a sour blackthorn (sloe) berry, and two mushrooms with antibiotic properties.
[This is mostly based on Brenda Fowler's book: first chapter, Amazon]
From "Plants & the Ice Man" Ötzi's Last Journey. Written 1995 by James Holms Dickson. At
http://www.gla.ac.uk/Acad/IBLS/DEEB/jd/otzi.htm
"...he was found in a very well-preserved state melting out of the ice in September 1991 at some 10,400 feet (3,210m) above sea level. With the top of his head thawing out first, he lay very close to the border of Austria and Italy in the territory of the latter nation but only Italian since 1919. When he died some 5,300 years ago Ötzi was between 25 and 40 years old, about 5 feet 3 or 4 inches (160 cm) tall and well dressed in three layers of well-crafted skins and grass to face the rigours of being briefly in the zone of permanent snow and ice in the mountains. He had well-lined shoes, a belt from which to drape his loincloth and suspend his leggings, a jacket, a cape and a bearskin hat. His gear included a longbow and a quiver full of arrows, a hafted copper axe, a sheathed dagger, a wooden-framed backpack, two bark containers, one containing charcoal, and a belt pouch housing small useful items including flints, a retouching tool and fungus for tinder. He was inconspicuously tattooed with simple designs.
Ötzi's use of grass, bark and wood
Ötzi wore a cape of grass and his shoes were packed with grass. Remains of no less than 17 different types of trees and shrubs have been recognised so far among Ötzi's gear. The bark used to make his containers was that of birch as the silvery white colour makes very obvious. His longbow was made of yew. Strangely, and without parallel, the handle of his axe was also of yew; ash would have been the expected wood. However, the handle of his small dagger was made of ash. His arrow shafts were made of Viburnum (Guelder Rose or Wayfaring Tree) and Cornus (Cornelian cherry or Dogwood). Both these woods were used to make the arrow shafts recovered from the grave of an Iron Age prince found at Hochdorf, Germany. Last century a peat cutter at Fyvie, Aberdeenshire, found a prehistoric flint arrow head with shaft attached; the shaft was Viburnum. Evidently, for a long spell of time over a large area of Europe arrow makers regarded Viburnum as very suitable. Lime made the body of Ötzi's retouching tool and lime bast was used for cords. His backpack frame was of larch and hazel. Leaves of Norway maple were used as insulating material for the embers he had carried in one of the containers which also contained leaves of juniper. For fuel he had used reticulate willow, green alder, Norway spruce, pine, elm and possibly amelanchier. A fruit of sloe was found with the corpse."
See also:
"The Iceman's Last Meal" by Brenda Fowler at
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/icemummies/iceman.html
&
"Ice Mummies Home Page"
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/icemummies/
Also for more information see under his "grandmother" "Numerous generations to 7 daughters of Eve"
Otzi the Ice man/mummy was also of the K group. Although his lineage appears to have died out.
https://phys.org/news/2016-01-discoveries-otzi-genetic-history.html
The new comparison showed that neither the Iceman's lineage nor any other evolutionarily close lineages are present in modern populations: the researchers therefore lean towards the hypothesis that Ötzi's maternal genetic branch has died out.
Living Relatives of Ötzi the Iceman Mummy Found in Austria
By Breanna Draxler | October 16, 2013 11:52 am
686
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/d-brief/2013/10/16/living-relatives-of-otzi-the-iceman-mummy-found-in-austria/#.W8DsHi_MyjQ
Although Ötzi the Iceman has been dead for 5,300 years, his legacy is still kickin’ in newly-found living relatives.
Researchers discovered the family members by performing DNA tests on blood donated by 3,700 people in western Austria, not far from the Alps where Ötzi was found melting out of a glacier in 1991. The results showed 19 of those donors shared a unique genetic mutation with the mummified ice man.
“These men and the Iceman had the same ancestors,” said forensic scientist Walther Parson in his announcement to the Austrian Press Agency.
The mystery of Otzi's wandering father: Famous iceman's parents came from two different parts of Europe and may have had a fling in the Alps
?Scientists analysed the mitochondrial DNA of the 5,300-year-old mummy
?His maternal lineage originated and also died out in the eastern Alps
?In contrast, ?tzi's paternal DNA is similar to that of farmers in Sweden
?Last week, bacteria found in the mummy shed light on mass migrations
By SARAH GRIFFITHS FOR MAILONLINE
PUBLISHED: 06:29 EDT, 14 January 2016 | UPDATED: 07:08 EDT, 14 January 201
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3399005/The-mystery-Otzi-s-wandering-father-Famous-iceman-s-parents-came-two-different-parts-Europe-fling-Alps.html
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Ancestorium Family Tree Collaboration
- UNKNOWN